Definition Of Abnormality, Classification Systems And...

Definition of abnormality, classification systems and demographics of psychological disorders The poster is going to outline the definition of abnormality and describe two diagnostic classification systems whilst referencing the diagnostic criteria for Schizophrenia and an overlook of its subtype catatonic schizophrenia. An analysis of the validity, reliability, practicalities and ethical issues will be covered when referring to the diagnostic classification systems and lastly the demographics and statistics surrounding schizophrenia with reference to age, gender and ethnicity will be thoroughly examined Statistical Infrequency By using the statistical infrequency definition, a person’s way of thinking or behaviour is classified as abnormal if it is statistically unusual amongst a selected society. With this definition it is very important to decide how statistically rare a behaviour or trait is before it is classified as abnormal. For example a person who has a higher IQ level than the society’s average is then classified as abnormal but contrary to this a person would be highly regarded for their intelligence, this is due to the method failing to identify the appeal of that certain trait (Cardwell, Clark and Meldrum, 2008). As mentioned the definition ignores desirability of some behaviours and traits, it also does not take in to account of cultural differences and it is not clear by how much a behaviour should deviate from what’s normal for it to be considered abnormalShow MoreRelatedCbt for Psychosis4494 Words   |  18 Pages1900’s there was a shift in the perception of psychosis and possible psychological processes contributing to psychotic experiences. Bentall (1993) further supported this by writing about understanding psychotic symptoms based on an individuals’ presenting distress/ difficulties rather than focusing on a medical model of psychosis treatment. 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The causes of the wage gap between men and women in the United States Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Different researchers have independently obtained results from statistical analyses of varying data sets, which consistently show that the gender wage gap is largely attributable to the differences in occupations chosen by male and female workers (Boraas & Rodgers, 2003). Female workers primarily dominate occupations that proffer relatively low salaries like teaching, nursing, secretarial positions, and clerks in retail outlets. In contrast, men principally work in occupations that offer comparatively high compensation hence most tend to be scientists, doctors, engineers, lawyers, and company executives, among other high-ranking professions. As a result of this disproportionate propensity to work in occupations that are notably different, the average wages earned by women are generally lower than the mean compensation accrued by men. In further support of the occupational disparity theory, statistical analysis findings by Joy (2006) indicate that the selection of males and females a mong various professions starts with their respective choice of academic disciplines. While most men choose disciplines like engineering, medicine, and science, among other majors deemed relatively difficult, women mainly opt for enrollment in education and arts. This disparate enrollment of men and females in these disciplines lays the foundation for their respective dominance in affiliated occupations and the ultimate difference in the level of compensation. We will write a custom essay sample on The causes of the wage gap between men and women in the United States or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The variance in occupation selection is undoubtedly a feasible explanation of the gender wage gap, as is further reinforced by the fact that it has narrowed over the years following continuous efforts by women to venture into male dominated professions (Mulligan & Rubinstein, 2008). This shows, however, that occupational difference cannot serve as the sole explanatory factor of the gender pay gap, since it fails to account for the current difference in compensation between males and females in the same profession. Other potent causes are, therefore, explored further hereunder. Women Discrimination in Hiring Gender discrimination or prejudice in the recruitment process refers to the tendency of employers to prefer a certain type of worker, while excluding another, solely on the basis of a candidate’s membership to either sex. Such discrimination may occur in two forms, that is, taste or statistical prejudice. In case of the former, an employer may have a personal preference of men over women employees, whereas in the case of statistical discrimination, the employer could wield wrong information about potential female candidates.

Marketing to the Bottom of the Pyramid Free Essays

The concept of the Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) market was originally developed by C.K. Prahalad in â€Å"The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid† to highlight a large potential market made up of a large segment of the world’s population that has, until recently, been an ignored market segment among multinational companies. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing to the Bottom of the Pyramid or any similar topic only for you Order Now In an age of increasing global competition and near-saturation for some products in more mature markets, this multi-cultural segment, made up of people from all parts of the world that earn less than two dollars a day, can generate significant revenues and be profitable for companies who have developed appropriate strategies for reaching this market segment. Among the issues related to BOPMs are establishing appropriate distribution channels, developing and pricing products that have value for those in these markets, and finding creative ways for financing. In terms of financing, this would include not only that related to the purchase of a product for those with relatively low incomes, but would also include strategies for financing business initiatives on the local level. Perspectives Stakeholder would include the local populations that make up the BOPMs. Cultural considerations must be a key component of product development and advertising. Care must be given that products will not harm those to whom they are marketed. Also, companies are stakeholders in that new strategies including BOPMs may be important ways for a company to grow organically. In extension, many large multinational firms are public-traded companies. As such, shareholders are the owners and increasing shareholder value is a goal. Discussion †¢ Ethics of marketing certain products to people in the BOPM. †¢ Issues related to distribution channels. It seems that companies marketing to BOPMs must think beyond the traditionally accepted distribution channels. Many people in BOPMs live in remote, harder to reach, areas. †¢ Issues related to advertising. Television and radio advertising are one approach, but may not be the best way to reach the target market. Action/Recommendation Distributions Channels A successful strategy for marketing to these segments would include more direct marketing, with people getting paid on commissions. For retailers, marketing efforts should be geared toward lower volume sales in smaller stores. In contrast to what we are accustomed to in our domestic market in which we shop in large retails stores where the prices per unit decreases as the product size increases, BOPMs would require a different approach. These markets would require smaller, possibly individual-size products that could be purchased for a relatively small amount of money for people that probably do not have credit and do not have a significant amount of money on any given day. Product Development In addition to the size of products offered, other important factors need to be considered. In terms of packaging, climate is important—products may be offered in small, more or less open-air stores in hot climates, for example. More important for products that have a technical component, consideration also needs to be given to the level of features available. Whereas some features ,such as battery capacity—important as noted in the case for those without reliable sources of electricity—may be critical for product success, others may not be useful and my unnecessarily increase the price or the complexity of the product. How to cite Marketing to the Bottom of the Pyramid, Essay examples

Marketing to the Bottom of the Pyramid Free Essays

The concept of the Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) market was originally developed by C.K. Prahalad in â€Å"The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid† to highlight a large potential market made up of a large segment of the world’s population that has, until recently, been an ignored market segment among multinational companies. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing to the Bottom of the Pyramid or any similar topic only for you Order Now In an age of increasing global competition and near-saturation for some products in more mature markets, this multi-cultural segment, made up of people from all parts of the world that earn less than two dollars a day, can generate significant revenues and be profitable for companies who have developed appropriate strategies for reaching this market segment. Among the issues related to BOPMs are establishing appropriate distribution channels, developing and pricing products that have value for those in these markets, and finding creative ways for financing. In terms of financing, this would include not only that related to the purchase of a product for those with relatively low incomes, but would also include strategies for financing business initiatives on the local level. Perspectives Stakeholder would include the local populations that make up the BOPMs. Cultural considerations must be a key component of product development and advertising. Care must be given that products will not harm those to whom they are marketed. Also, companies are stakeholders in that new strategies including BOPMs may be important ways for a company to grow organically. In extension, many large multinational firms are public-traded companies. As such, shareholders are the owners and increasing shareholder value is a goal. Discussion †¢ Ethics of marketing certain products to people in the BOPM. †¢ Issues related to distribution channels. It seems that companies marketing to BOPMs must think beyond the traditionally accepted distribution channels. Many people in BOPMs live in remote, harder to reach, areas. †¢ Issues related to advertising. Television and radio advertising are one approach, but may not be the best way to reach the target market. Action/Recommendation Distributions Channels A successful strategy for marketing to these segments would include more direct marketing, with people getting paid on commissions. For retailers, marketing efforts should be geared toward lower volume sales in smaller stores. In contrast to what we are accustomed to in our domestic market in which we shop in large retails stores where the prices per unit decreases as the product size increases, BOPMs would require a different approach. These markets would require smaller, possibly individual-size products that could be purchased for a relatively small amount of money for people that probably do not have credit and do not have a significant amount of money on any given day. Product Development In addition to the size of products offered, other important factors need to be considered. In terms of packaging, climate is important—products may be offered in small, more or less open-air stores in hot climates, for example. More important for products that have a technical component, consideration also needs to be given to the level of features available. Whereas some features ,such as battery capacity—important as noted in the case for those without reliable sources of electricity—may be critical for product success, others may not be useful and my unnecessarily increase the price or the complexity of the product. How to cite Marketing to the Bottom of the Pyramid, Essay examples

Deliberate Practice Improves Clinical Performance †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Deliberate Practice Improves Clinical Performance. Answer: Introduction: Deliberate practice related to any skills is used to refer to a special kind of practice that is systematic and purposeful. Regular practice of any task involves mindless repetitions. However, practicing a task deliberately requires more attention and focus. Its main goal is performance improvement. It helps in maximizing the potential by turning the former into reality. Surgery refers to medical specialties that utilize operative instrumental and manual techniques upon a patient and investigates any serious pathological condition to improve body functioning (Hambrick et al., 2014). Deliberate clinical practice fosters surgical skills by motivating learning, providing detailed feedback and refinement opportunities. This report will include a literature review that will illustrate the effect of deliberate practice in enhancing surgical skills and technical proficiency. The overall purpose of the literature review is to investigate the effects of deliberate practice results in enhanced technical performance in an operation theatre. The research studies were selected from databases like CINAHL, MEDLINE and SCOPUS. The inclusion criteria included peer reviewed journals, published in English not before 2012. Studies published prior to 2012 were excluded. One study conducted by Palter Grantcharov, (2014) used a blinded randomized trial to assess the effects of deliberate practice on surgical skill improvements. 16 novice surgical residents were recruited to a deliberate practice group and conventional training group. A video recording of laparoscopic cholecystectomy was done for both the groups. 3 assessment tools measured the technical performance of the residents. The trainees practiced a task again if the scores were less than 60%. It was found that DP residents showed improved technical skills post intervention (17.0 median score). Another study th at assessed the effect of deliberate practice on expert surgical performance recruited 15 junior residents and the practice group was given 30 minutes of practice sessions between laparoscopic surgeries while, the control group read journals or viewed educational videos. On comparing the performance using Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed rank test it was found that the DP group showed increased surgical performance in procedure-specific rating scale and global scale. However, the control group did not show any significant improvement in procedure-specific rating scale. This study provided evidence for the improvement in LC performance over many sessions (Hashimoto et al., 2015). A randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of virtual reality training on laparoscopic surgery that included 32 trainees who did not have any experience of laparoscopic surgery. Proficiency based virtual reality simulation training was used as the intervention. Laparoscopic sal pingectomy training was provided to the participants and the controls were subjected to standard education. On measuring the technical performance, the simulator trained group showed a better median score of 33 points while, the control group reached a score of 23 points. This study established that virtual reality simulator training increases proficiency in laparoscopic surgery (Larsen et al., 2012). Another study compared the effect of OSATS (Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills) on the performance of two gynecology and obstetrics resident groups. Some postgraduate students who underwent focused and deliberate training in hysteroscope assembly and operativehysteroscopic polypectomy performed better when compared to the untrained residents. Their global skills cores, resection and assembly time scores significantly improved (Rackow et al., 2012). The effect of virtual reality training on improvements of ear, nose and throat surgery was demonstrated by a study that used computer generated imagery as the simulated training environment. A randomized control trial included 210 participants and showed that virtual reality group performance significantly increased and displayed better psychomotor score (mean difference -1.66, 95% CI 0.52-2.81; 10-point scale) and shorter time to complete the operation (mean difference-5.50, 95% CI 9.97-1.03).One particular study showed t hat medical students who acquire anatomical knowledge by virtual training perform better during surgeries than those who participate in conventional training (mean difference- 4.3, 95% CI 2.05-6.55) (Piromchai et al., 2012). A meta-analytic comparative review assessed the effect of simulation-based medical education (SBME) and traditional clinical education on skill acquisition. The results showed that SBME with deliberate practice is more consistent and powerful. SBME proved superior when compared to traditional clinical education for acquiring a wide variety of medical skills. The study proved that a laparoscopic surgery, advanced cardiac life support, hemodialysis catheter insertion, cardiac auscultation, central venous catheter insertion and thoracentesis improves when residents participate in deliberate practice (McGaghie et al., 2014). A study conducted by Yudkowsky et al., (2013) evaluated the impact of simulation-based practices on virtual brains on the performance of neurosurgery residents in live and simulated neurosurgical procedures like ventriculostomies. CT scans were used to prepare a library of 15 virtual brains for haptic simulator, ImmersiveTouch system and head and hand-tracked augmented reality. Linear mixed model was used to analyze the performance of the residents on novel brains in the simulator and before and after surgery following intervention was analyzed. Live procedure outcomes and simulator cannulation rates showed an increase after intervention and improved procedural skills. Improved performance among 4th year medical students compared to senior surgery residents was displayed by a study that assessed the impact of deliberate practice dedicated instruction coronary anastomosis proficiency using a porcine heart model. The participants were compared to non-simulator trained senior surgery re sidents. Deliberate practice methodology was used for 4 months and the respondents were filmed during anastomosis by three cardiac surgeons. The median combined final scores suggested focused simulator training improves technical proficiency compared to real-time training (Nesbitt et al., 2013). Improvement of subarachnoid block performance on simulation based deliberate practice was measured by a study. Half of 21 residents were randomized to receive deliberate practice that included expert guidance, repetition and real-time feedback. The subarachnoid performance of residents was tested on the next three patients in the operation theatre. It was found that the intervention group showed significant improvement benefits from the deliberate practice training (Udani et al., 2014). Drawing inferences from the literature search it can be stated that medical professionals need to continuously learn to deliver superior quality of health care.Life long learning, involves continuous scrutinizing and building of real-time practice, which helps doctors to improve their skills. Medical schools do not prepare a resident doctor completely for the challenging tasks, responsibilities and long work hours at operation theatres. The fittest doctors survive by learning from deliberate practice and implementing the learned outcomes while performing surgeries. On the other hand, doctors who are not exposed to simulation based training fail to learn new aspects of medicine and often become mentally and physically exhausted. This causes dissatisfaction, surgical errors and burn out. The current restrictions imposed on working hours, shorter hospital stay, changes in organization of healthcare and breakdown of medical firms make the situation even worse and necessitate efficient le arning from practice (Macnamara, Hambrick Oswald, 2014). Deliberate practice acts as a highly structured training. It explicitly directs improvement of performance in particular surgical domains. Such practices involve rigorous assessment of skills, repetitive performance related to psychomotor and cognitive skills, providing regular feedback and their implications on better skill performance. The specific tasks are designed in such a way that they assist in overcoming weaknesses. The performances after the training carefully monitored, generally using video recordings. This provides cues to the doctors to identify their drawbacks and achieve further improvement. Thus, it can be stated that deliberate practice is not just a mindless repetition of certain medical tasks. However, they associate training to a focused approach and motivate the participants to reach a well-defined goal. Results from several research studies indicate that high fidelity simulation mechanisms contribute to the development of novice junior medical practitioners to experts during their undergraduate training in medicine. This leads to effective performance. Real world exposure to wide range of surgical procedures may give the doctors an idea of the events and challenges that might occur inside an operation theatre (Ericsson, 2015). However, inadequate training may affect patient safety while participating in complicated surgeries. Virtual simulation based environment therefore serve as an effective tool for training. They reduce chances of failure or life-threatening risks. It can be deduced from the study results that such practice trainings reduce the number of surgi cal errors and enhance the rate of skill acquisition. Moreover, it helps healthcare practitioners to improve their planning strategies based on the experiences and shortcomings they encountering while practicing surgery in a simulated environment. It not only helps novices and trainees who lack adequate experience in real-time surgical context, but also assists experienced and professional surgeons to acquire more exposure to new surgical procedures and become adept at learning new technologies before they can be implemented on a patient in an operation theatre. It can be deciphered from the research studies that have been conducted that practicing surgical activities attributes to an increase in focus and awareness among students on the desired outcomes of the surgical intervention. This significantly enhances effectiveness of the practice (Weller et al., 2012). Thus, the medical surgeons are able to refine their performance by utilizing these aspects of deliberate practice. On interpreting the results if the research studies it can be concluded that the junior surgeons gradually learn to make efficient use of their time, resources and energy while practicing in a virtual hospital setting. Routine practice is not just enough to enable the surgeons to gain better expertise. The progress of surgeons also depends on their sustained efforts to enhance their performance by identifying the specific targets that need improvement. Though, construction of a fully immersive virtual operation theatre environment can be expensive, the advancements that they produce in learning of surgical techniques are quite significant when compared to common training methods. Hence, it can be concluded that clinical skill development can be facilitated by making junior surgeons equipped with surgical skills through deliberate practice and not just by experience. References Ericsson, K. A. (2015). Acquisition and maintenance of medical expertise: a perspective from the expert-performance approach with deliberate practice.Academic Medicine,90(11), 1471-1486. Hambrick, D. Z., Oswald, F. L., Altmann, E. M., Meinz, E. J., Gobet, F., Campitelli, G. (2014). Deliberate practice: Is that all it takes to become an expert?.Intelligence,45, 34-45. Hashimoto, D. A., Sirimanna, P., Gomez, E. D., Beyer-Berjot, L., Ericsson, K. A., Williams, N. N., ... Aggarwal, R. (2015). Deliberate practice enhances quality of laparoscopic surgical performance in a randomized controlled trial: from arrested development to expert performance.Surgical endoscopy,29(11), 3154-3162. Larsen, C. R., Oestergaard, J., Ottesen, B. S., Soerensen, J. L. (2012). The efficacy of virtual reality simulation training in laparoscopy: a systematic review of randomized trials.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica,91(9), 1015-1028. Macnamara, B. N., Hambrick, D. Z., Oswald, F. L. (2014). Deliberate practice and performance in music, games, sports, education, and professions: A meta-analysis.Psychological science,25(8), 1608-1618. McGaghie, W. C., Issenberg, S. B., Barsuk, J. H., Wayne, D. B. (2014). A critical review of simulation?based mastery learning with translational outcomes.Medical Education,48(4), 375-385. Nesbitt, J. C., St Julien, J., Absi, T. S., Ahmad, R. M., Grogan, E. L., Balaguer, J. M., ... Putnam, J. B. (2013). Tissue-based coronary surgery simulation: medical student deliberate practice can achieve equivalency to senior surgery residents.The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery,145(6), 1453-1459. Palter, V. N., Grantcharov, T. P. (2014). Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room: a randomized controlled trial.Annals of surgery,259(3), 443-448. Piromchai, P., Avery, A., Laopaiboon, M., Kennedy, G., OLeary, S. (2012). Virtual reality training for improving the skills needed for performing surgery of the ear, nose or throat.status and date: New, published in, (11). Rackow, B. W., Solnik, M. J., Tu, F. F., Senapati, S., Pozolo, K. E., Du, H. (2012). Deliberate practice improves obstetrics and gynecology residents' hysteroscopy skills.Journal of graduate medical education,4(3), 329-334. Udani, A. D., Macario, A., Nandagopal, K., Tanaka, M. A., Tanaka, P. P. (2014). Simulation-based mastery learning with deliberate practice improves clinical performance in spinal anesthesia.Anesthesiology research and practice,2014. Weller, J. M., Nestel, D., Marshall, S. D., Brooks, P. M., Conn, J. J. (2012). Simulation in clinical teaching and learning.Med J Aust,196(9), 594. Yudkowsky, R., Luciano, C., Banerjee, P., Schwartz, A., Alaraj, A., Lemole Jr, G. M., ... Bendok, B. (2013). Practice on an augmented reality/haptic simulator and library of virtual brains improves residents ability to perform a ventriculostomy.Simulation in Healthcare,8(1), 25-31.